Colonizing Mars: Expanded Mars infrastructure. Larger colonies, space agriculture, initial mining of Mars resources. Human life becomes semi-sustainable on Mars. Huge cost, uncertain returns. While space tourism or mining may generate revenue in the future, the timeline is unclear. Terraforming research begins on Mars, attempting to modify the atmosphere to support human life. Potential returns come from future space mining, tourism, or technological advancements. Risks of failure extremely high.
Saving Earth's Oceans: Ocean ecosystems fully restored. Oceanic industries dominate global trade. Fisheries, biotechnology, renewable energy (offshore wind, tidal) flourish. Climate stabilization achieved. Global reliance on marine-based energy, food, and carbon sequestration leads to economic and environmental stability. $15 trillion total returns over time, securing food, energy, and biodiversity benefits globally.